Diabetes

Concept "diabetes"It is common to indicate a group of endocrine diseases that develop as a result of absolute or relative lack of hormones in the bodyInsulin.In view of that condition, the patient manifestsHyperglycemia- a significant increase in the amount of glucose in human blood.Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by a chronic course.In the process of developing the disease, there was a violation of metabolism as a whole: it was violatedgreasy,protein,carbohydrate,mineralAndwater saltExchange.According to the WHO statistics, about 150 million people are sick in the world of diabetes.By the way, not just a person, but also animals, for example, cats are sick with diabetes.

The meaning of the word "diabetes" from the Greek language is "highlighting".Therefore, the concept of "diabetes Melitus" means "loss of sugar".In this case, the main sign of the disease is shown - the excretion of the sugar in the urine.To date, there are many studies in terms of the cause of this disease, however, the causes of disease manifestation and its complications are subsequently determined.

Types of diabetes

Diabetes Mellitus sometimes happens in people as one of the manifestations of a fundamental disease.In this case we talk about itSymptomatic diabetesWhat can happen on the background defeatthyroidorpancreas glands,adrenal glands,Hypophysis.In addition, this form of diabetes develops as the consequences of treatment with some medications.And if the treatment of the fundamental disease is successfully passed, then diabetes are healed.

Mellitus diabetes usually split in two forms: thisType 1 diabetes, that is,Insulin -depeten, and alsoType 2 diabetes, that isInsulin -depeten.

Diabetes type 1 Mellitus is most often manifested in young people: as a rule, most of these patients are not thirty years old.About 10-15% of the total number of patients with diabetes suffer this form of disease.Diabetes Mellitus in children is manifested mainly in this form.

The first-type diabetes is the result of damage to the beta-cells of pancreas that produce insulin.Very often, this type of diabetes get sick after viral difficulties -čm,Viral hepatitis,Rublich.The first-type diabetes occurAutoimune diseaseBDue to damage to the body's immune system.As a rule, in a person who is sick with the first type of diabetes, an unhealthy thinness is manifested.The blood level increases in the blood.Patients with the first type of diabetes depend on permanent insulin injections, which become vital.

Among diabetics, as a whole, patients with type 2 diabetes are prevalent.At the same time, about 15% of patients with this form of the disease have normal weight, and all others suffer from excessive weight.

Diabetes type 2 develops, as a result of fundamentally different causes.In this case, with Betem cells, a lot or too much insulin produce, the tissues in the body lose the ability to accept their specific signal.In this case, insulin injections for survival are not required, but sometimes they are prescribed to control the patient's blood sugar.

Causes of diabetes

One of the type 1 diabetes type forms"Insulin-conceived", The main reason for this form may be complications after viral infection, for example,flu,herpes, and alsoKolelithiasis.Factors that contribute to diseases of type 2 diabetes"Insulin-conceived", are genetic predispositions, as well as endocrine system diseases and obesity.

The main reason for manifesting diabetes becomes damagedCarbohydrate metabolism, which is manifested due to the impossibility of pancreas to make the right amount of insulin hormone or insulin products.There are many assumptions about the causes of such a state.It is known for some that diabetes is non-tasto disease.There is a theory that the cause of the disease is genetic shortcomings.It has been proven that a higher risk of disease occurs in those people whose closer cousins are ill with diabetes.The probability of disease in people whose diabetes are diagnosed in both parents are especially high.

Experts define another significant factor that directly affects the possibility of diabetesobesity.In this case, a person is available to adjust their own weight, so you should treat this question with all seriousness.

Another window factor is a number of illness, whose result is the defeatBeta cells.First of all, we talk about itpancreatitis,Diseases of other internal excretion glands,Pancreas cancer.

Viral infections can serve as a type of trigger mechanism to start diabetes.Viral infections "launch" diabetes away from each case.However, people who have a predisposition of hereditary character diabetes and other arrangement factors have much higher risk to get sick of infection.

In addition, doctors determine as a predisposition factor factor.stressAnd emotional overstretch.Older people should remember the possibility of sick diabetes: the older person becomes, it is more likely.

At the same time, the assumption of many about the fact that with diabetes those who like to eat a lot of sugar and sweet products are to get sick from the point of view of high probability of obesity in such people.

In rare cases, diabetes Melitus in children and adults occur as a result of certain hormonal disorders in the body, as well as damage to the pancreas for abusing alcohol or taking some drugs.

Another assumption indicates the viral nature of diabetes.Thus, type 1 diabetes can be manifested due to the damage to the Virus on the beta version of the pancreas, insulin production.In response, Immune system productsantibodiescalledinsulator.

However, to date there are many obscure points in questioning the causes of diabetes.

Diabetes symptoms

Symptoms of diabetes Melitus, above all, manifest are too intense urine production.Person begins to urinate not only often, but also a lot (called phenomenonPolyuria).Given such a phenomenon, the patient has a veryStrong thirst.Together with urine, stands outglucose, a person loses calories.Therefore, the sign of diabetes melitus will be too strong appetite due to the constant feeling of hunger.

Other unpleasant phenomena happen as diabetes symptoms: strong fatigue,Permanent drowsiness, presence itch in the perineum.The patient can freeze limbs, and the vision sharpness is gradually declining.

The disease advances, and the following signs of diabetes are manifested.The patient notes that his wounds heal much worse, gradually the life of the body is inhibited as a whole.

It is important to take into account that the main signs of diabetes, which each person needs to pay attention, is a loss of vitality, a permanent feeling of thirst, rapid excretion from the urine of liquid consumed.

However, in the beginning, no symptoms of diabetes melitus appear at all, and the disease can only be determined by laboratory tests.If the disease does not appear, and slightly increased sugar content is discovered in the blood and its presence in urine comes, then in a person is diagnosedPrediabetic state.It is characteristic of a very large number of people, and after ten to fifteen years, type 2 diabetes develop. In this case insulin does not perform a cleavage functionCarbohydrates.As a result, too little glucose enters the bloodstream, which is a source of energy.

Diabetes diagnosis

Diabetes Mellitus is gradually manifested in a person, therefore, the doctors differ three periods of their development.In people who are prone to diseases due to the presence of some risk factors, this is read-so-chargedPrediabet.If glucose is already absorbed by disorders, but the signs of illness do not yet reach the event, then the patient is diagnosed with the periodHidden diabetes.The third period is a direct development of the disease.

Laboratory tests are of particular importance for diagnosis of diabetes in children and adults.During the urine testing is foundAcetonAndsugar.The fastest method for the establishment of diagnosis is a blood test in which the glucose content is determined.That is, in addition, the most reliable diagnostic method.

The higher the accuracy of the research guarantees oral tolerance to glucose tolerance.Initially, it is necessary to determine what blood glucose levels is a patient's blood on an empty stomach.After that, a person should have a glass of water in which 75 grams of glucose is a good joy.The second measurement is carried out after two hours.If the result of glucose content was from 3.3 to 7.0 mmol / l, then the glucose tolerance was disturbed, given more than 11.1 mmol / l, the patient is diagnosed with diabetes.

In addition, blood test for blood is done during diagnosticsglycogenatedIn order to determine the average blood sugar level for a longer period (about 3 months).This method is also used to determine how efficient treatment of diabetes is in the last three months.

Diabetes Treatment

Doctors prescribe a comprehensive treatment of diabetes to support the normal blood glucose content.This case is important to take into account that neitherhyperglycemia, ie increasing sugar levels, norHypoglycemia, that is, his fall.

Throughout the day, glucose content should be at the same level.Such support allows us to prevent the manifestation of the complications of diabetes, which are life-valetement.It is therefore very important that the person is carefully controlled by their own country and disciplined as possible for disease therapy.Glucometer- This is a specially designed device, which enables independent measurement of blood glucose levels.To analyze, you should take a drop of blood from your finger and apply it to the test tape.

It is important that the treatment of diabetes in children and adults starts immediately after a person makes a suitable diagnosis.The doctor defines the methods for treating diabetes mellituses, given the type of diabetes, the patient takes place.

For the treatment of type 1 diabetes, it is important to ensure lifelong hormone therapy.This is diagnosed every day a patient who has the first type of diabetes should make insulin injections.There are no other treatment options in this case.Before the role of insulin was determined in 1921. year, diabetes did not surrender to treatment.

There is a special classification of insulin, based on where the medicine comes, and what is the duration of its action.Distinguishbull,porkAndhumanInsulin.Due to the detection of numerous side effects, the bull insulin is used for less often.The closest in the structure for a man is pork insulin.The difference is in oneamino acid.The duration of insulin effects may beShort,Average,Long.

The patient is as a rule, in about 20-30 minutes before meals.It is inserted into the thigh, shoulder or stomach subcutaneously, while the injection site should be alternately on each injection.

When insulin enters the blood, the process of transition glucose from blood to tissue.If there was an overdose, it is full of hypoglycemia.The symptoms of this condition are as follows: The patient has shivers, improved sweat separation, heart rate accelerates, a person feels strong weakness.In this state, a person should quickly increase glucose levels, using a few tablespoons of sugar or a glass of fresh water.

Insulin administration scheme should be selected exclusively by an expert, taking into account all the characteristics of the body, as well as the image of his life.The choice of daily insulin dose is made to suit the physiological norm.Two - Porde hormonal doses are accepted in the morning and in the afternoon, one third in the afternoon and night.There are several different schemes for the introduction of injections, the feasibility of use determined by the doctor.Correcting the insulin dose dose is possible depending on the numerous factors (diet, Physical loads, carbohydrate metabolism characteristics).An important role in determining the optimal insulin entry is given by independent measurement of glucose levels and keeping records regarding self-government.

In this case, the corresponding diet in diabetes is very necessary.It is important that the patient takes food according to a special scheme: three main meals and three additional.Diabetes power takes into account the fact that the content of glucose in the blood is the sharpest increased carbohydrates.However, it does not require serious restrictions on their use.Subject to the normal weight of the human body, it is important to take into account the amount of carbohydrates in order to choose the correct dose of insulin.

If a person has a diabetes of another type of diabetes, then you cannot take drugs at the beginning of the disease.In this case, a diet in diabetes is an important diet, which envisages minimizing the use of simple carbohydrates and competent access to physical effort.If diabetes advances, drug therapy is needed.The doctor prescribes treatment with sugar drugs.It chooses appropriate medications from derivativessulponelmochevina,Prandial GLikemia Regulators.Help increases the sensitivity on the insulin fabricBiguanides(Medications also lower the absorption of glucose in the intestine) andThiazolidido.In the absence of the effect of treating these medicines, patients are prescribed by insulin therapy.

With diabetes, they are practical and folk recipes that encourage a drop in blood sugar.For this purpose, plants decktion used to be used such property.This is a creation of blueberries, flax seeds, wings leaves, laurel sheets, blueberries and pink fruits, root for burdock, part of eating leaves, etc.

Power supply for diabetes

For patientssugarType 1 diabetesThe main treatment of diabetes is insulin injection, and the diet serves as a significant appendix to medication treatment, while for patientsType 2 diabetes- Diet diet based on eating is the main method of treatment.Since the normal functioning of diabetes development is damagedpancreas, leading to the reduction of insulin production, which is involved in the assimilation of sugar with the body, then the correct diet and nutrition is of great importance.Diabetes diet is used to normalize carbohydrate metabolism and to prevent fat metabolism.

What should be food:

• Frequent and regular meals (preferably)4-5 timesdaily, at about the same time), it is advisable to even distribute the use of carbohydrates according to meals;
• Food should be richmacro-AndMicroelements(zinc, calcium, phosphorus, potassium), and alsovitamins(Vitamins Group B, A, P, ascorbic acid, retinol, riboflavin, thiamine);
• Food should be diverse;
• sugarWorth a replacementSorbitol, Xilitis, Fructose, Aspartamorsugarwhich can be added to the appropriate food and drink;
• You can use before1.5 litersliquids per day;
• The advantage should be difficult to digest carbohydrates (vegetables, fruit, grove bread), products that contain fibers (raw vegetables, beans, peas, oats) and limit the use of rich cholesterol - yolk, liver, kidneys;
• The diet must be adhered to strictly so that they do not cause development or deterioration of the disease.

Diabetes diet does not forbid sugar, and in some cases, the following products in the diet is recommended:

• Black or specialDiabetic bread(200-300 gr. Per day);
• Vegetable soups, cabbage soup, okroshki, chertoot;
• Soups prepared on a meat ship can be consumed 2 times a week;
• Meat with low fat (beef, veal, rabbit), poultry, chicken), fish (pike, cod, pike) (approximately 100-150 gr. Per day) in boiled, roast or cheek;
• Useful dishes of cereals (buckwheat, oatmeal, mellet) and pasta, legumes can be consumed every other day;
• Potatoes, carrots and beets - no more than 200 g.daily;
• The rest of the vegetables - cabbage, including colored, cucumbers, spinach, tomato, eggplant, as well as greenery, can be consumed without restrictions;
• Eggs cannot be more than 2 pieces;
• 200-300 gr.On the day of apple, oranges, lemons, is possible in the form of juices with pulp;
• Dairy products (kefir, yogurt) -1-2 cups per day and cheese, milk and sour cream - with the permission of the doctor;
• The low fat cottage is recommended to consume daily at 150-200 gr.daily in any form;
• From fat a day can be consumed up to 40 g.Warm butter and vegetable oil.

Drinks, it is allowed to drink black, green tea, weak coffee, juices, berries of acid varieties with an addition of xilitis or sorbitol, pink stake and mineral water.

It is important for people with diabetes.Easily digestible carbohydrates.Such products include sugar, honey, jam, confectionery, sweets, chocolate.The use of cakes, muffins, fruits - banana, raisins, grapes strictly limited.In addition, it is worth minimizing usegreasy food, First of all, fats, vegetables and butter, greasy meat, sausage, mayonnaise.In addition, it is better to exclude fried, sharp, spicy and smoked containers, sharp snacks, salty and sour vegetables, cream, alcohol from diet.The sales salt per day can be consumed no more than 12 g.

Diabetes diet

Diet in diabetes must be adhered to without failure.Diet features in diabetes in this case include normalizing carbohydrate metabolism in the human body and simultaneously facilitating pancreas.Diet excludes easily digestible carbohydrates, limits the usefat.People with diabetes should consume a lot of vegetables, but at the same time limit cholesterol-bending food and salt.Food needs to be baked and cook.

The patient with diabetes is recommended to eat a lot of cabbage, tomatoes, zucchini, plants, cucumbers, beets.Instead of sugar, diabetes patients can eat xylite, sorbitol, fructose.At the same time, it is necessary to limit the amount of potatoes, bread, cereals, carrots, fats, honey.

It is forbidden to eat confectioners, chocolate, sweets, jams, bananas, spicy, smoked, frame and pigs, mustard, alcohol, grapes, raisins.

You always need to take food at the same time, food intake cannot be forwarded.Food should contain a lot of fibers.To do this, it should periodically contain legumes, rice, oats, buckwheat in a diet.Every day a patient with diabetes should be drunk a lot of fluids.

Diet no.9

Dietetologists have developed a special diet recommended as a main diet for diabetes.Nutrition feature no.9 is that it can be adjusted to the individual tastes of the patient, adding or excluding some utensils at will.Diet in diabetes creates the conditions for the normalization of carbohydrate metabolism, it helps to maintain the patient's performance and develops taking into account the seriousness of diseases, concurrent diseases, weight and energy costs.There is also a diet no.9a, which is used as a basis for composing a diet toa mild form of diabetes.As in the forms with simultaneous obesity with various degrees in patients who do not receive insulin and no.9b, with increased protein consumption norm, for patients with a difficult diabetes form and have additional physical activity.HeavyOften complicated liver disease, gallbladder, pancreas.

Diet no.9Includes about such a diet:

• First breakfast(To work, 7 am: buckwheat porridge, meat paste, or low -fat cottage;Tea on the Xlet, a bread with butter.
• Lunch(At the time of lunch, 12 hours days): Cottage, 1 cup of kefir.
• Dinner(After work, 17 hours of day): Vegetable soup, potatoes with boiled meat, one apple or orange.Or: a wiped cabbage soup, cooked meat with mirrors made of piris, tea on Xylita.
• Dinner(20 hours in the evening): cooked fish with cabbage or potato pins, hand decktion.
• Before going to bed, one glass of kefir or yogurt.

Diabetes prevention

The prevention of diabetes predicts maintenance of the healthiest lifestyle.You should not allow extra pounds, keep practicing and dealing with sports.Each person needs to reduce the use of fat and sweets.If a person has been or in his family for forty years, there were cases of diabetes, then diabetes sugar prevention provides a regular blood sugar test.

You must try to spend a lot of fruits and vegetables every day, include multiple products in your diet with a high content of complex carbohydrates.It is equally important to track how much salt and sugar enters everyday diet - in this case abuse is not allowed.There should be many products for vitamin in a diet.

In addition, it is important for the prevention of diabetes, it is important to be constantly in a state of mental balance, to avoid stressful situations.In addition, carbohydrate metabolism violation is manifested as a result of increased pressure, so it is very important to prevent this condition in advance.

Diabetes complications

Complications of diabetes that are manifested if diabetes are not implemented, the risk is especially the danger to human health and life, or improperly performed.Due to such complications, a fatal outcome is often happening.It is common to distinguish acute complications of diabetes, which are quickly developed in the patient, as well as late complications, which happen several years later.

Acute complications of diabetes manifestComa: In this state, the patient loses consciousness, violated the functions of the bodies of bodies, kidneys, hearts, nervous systems.Development reasons for whom a strong changeacidityBlood, violation of the relationship between salt and water in the body, a manifestation of lactic acid in a large amount, a sharp decline in blood glucose levels.

As late complications of diabetes, damage to small kidneys and eyes and eyes often occur.If a large vessel is affected, an occurrence may occurgait,myocardial infarction,Gangrene legs.The human nervous system also suffers.